Trouble in the World 1930s
Setting the stage for WWII
Italy
After World War I, Italian leaders had to deal with unhappy citizens. Benito Mussolini stepped in. He created many programs to help the people. But he also set himself up as a dictator, or a government leader with absolute power. He called himself "II Duce," or "The Leader." In 1935, Mussolini sent the Italian military to Africa. He invaded Ethiopia, then know as Abyssinia, and added this country to his empire. Mussolini later sent help to fascists in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, hoping to show his power. Fascists are people who believe a nation or race is more important than an individual. In 1939, Mussolini officially joined with Adolf Hitler, creating the "Pact of Steel." This alliance joined the two countries together throughout World War II.
Germany
Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933. He led Germany’s Nazi Party.In 1934, Hitler stepped in as dictator and took control of the government. It was a
time of economic struggle. Hitler promised the millions of poor and unemployed that with his help, Germany would rise again.
Hitler believed that people of an Aryan race, or those from certain European backgrounds, were superior to others. Superior means better than. He said that those who were inferior, especially Jewish people, must be removed from Earth. It is hard to believe, right? In March 1938, Hitler took control of the country of Austria, his birthplace. Nazi troops marched into Austria and no one fought back.Many Austrians felt that all German-speaking people should belong to a united country. Some celebrated the arrival of Nazi rule. Some who were against it were put in prison. Austrian Jews were immediately stripped of their rights and faced persecution, or ill treatment.
Soon after, Hitler moved to take control of German-speaking areas in Czechoslovakia. Hitler claimed ethnic Germans in the area were mistreated. The Nazis came in ready to invade.
Czechoslovakia's allies would have also gone to war against Germany if this happened, starting another war like World War I.
In October 1938, Hitler, Mussolini, the prime minister of France and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met in Munich. They talked about Hitler's demands to take control of the area. They agreed that the Sudetenland would come under German control. Neville Chamberlain hoped to make Hitler happy. He thought that would prevent another war. After that, Chamberlain said, "I believe it is peace for our time." At the time, it sounded hopeful. But, those words have become famous for how wrong they were. A year later, Germany invaded Poland to start World War II.
Soviet Union
Like Germany, a dictator led the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during this period. Joseph Stalin was the Communist leader of the USSR, or Soviet Union, from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. In a communist government,there is no private property. Stalin wanted the Soviet Union to rise from its problems and become a world power. He took farmland from the poor and put it under government control. He also set and reached many goals for mining and manufacturing. These goals were part of his “Five Year Plans.” The Plans made the Soviet Union an impressive industrial nation. Still, millions of Soviets and people from other countries died under Stalin’s command.
Stalin and Hitler disagreed on most matters, but they signed an agreement in 1939. It said that their nations would never attack each other. Just two years later,Hitler broke the agreement. Stalin joined the Allies in the fight against Germany during World War II.
Japan
In the late 1860s, Japan began a period of imperialism, slowly expanding control in Asia. Other nations came to think of Japan as the leader of the region.
During the Great Depression, many countries blocked Japan’s exports.They did that to preserve the value of their own goods.The Japanese economy was hurt by this. Japan had to do something to stay wealthy.
So, Japan invaded Manchuria In 1931. Manchuriais a region in northern China that is rich in resources.
War broke out between China and Japan in 1937. In December of that year, Japan invaded the city of Nanking and murdered thousands of people. Brutal crimes were committed against survivors. Historians do not know the exact number of people killed. Most think it is between 200,000 and 300,000. The war between China and Japan continued until 1945. When the U.S. declared war on Japan in 1941, China joined the U.S. and its allies in the fight against Japan.
Military leader Hideki Tojo wanted Japan to join with Germany and Italy in the Axis Powers. Historians do not agree about who really controlled Japan; the military or Emperor Hirohito. Some say Hirohito is responsible for Japanese crimes in Asia and for Japan's role in the war. Others say that he was only a figurehead, or symbol, used by the military. Why did the military use him for a symbol? Because the people were loyal to the emperor. Historians do agree that the emperor was adored by his subjects, almost like a god.
As you can see, trouble was brewing all over the world.
Know These People
1. Adolf Hitler
National Socialist Worker's Party
1921 Leader of the Nazi Party
1925 Publishes "Mein Kampf"
1933 Chancellor of German
1934 became dictator of Germany
2. Benito Mussolini
Dictator of Italy
Joined Pact of Steel with Hitler
3. Neville Chamberlain
British Prime Minister
"Peace for our time."
4. Joseph Stalin
Communist leader of USSR or
Soviet Union
Hitler broke a 1939 agreement with Soviet Union to never attack. As a result, Stalin joined Allies in WWII
5. Hideki Tojo
Japanese military leader
6. Emperor Hirohito
Japan
Vocabulary
Inflation : prices of goods and services increase
Parliament: democratic form of government in which the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government, its leader becoming prime minister or chancellor.
Imperialism: a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Fascist: a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual
Persecution: Ill treatment